Analysis of article The Minds Eye by Oliver Sacks

BRIGADIER GENERAL CHARLES W. SWEENEY Resigned Dec. 27, 1979      Brigadier General Charles W. Sweeney was conceived in Lowell, Mass., in 1919. He moved on from North Quincy High School (Mass.) in 1937. In the wake of moving on from secondary school, he went to night classes at Boston University and furthermore at Purdue University. Charles Sweeney joined the Army Air Corps as a flying cadet on April 28, 1941. Accepting his bonus as a pilot in the Army Air Corps as an aeronautics cadet on April 28, 1941. Accepting his bonus as a pilot in the Army Air Corps in December 1941, Lieutenant Sweeney went through two years at Jefferson Proving Grounds Ind. From the demonstrating grounds in 1943, Charles Sweeney, presently a commander, moved to Eglin Field, Fla., where he filled in as a tasks official and furthermore an aircraft tester.      In 1944 he was elevated to the position of major in the Army of the United States. Right now he was going about as a B-29 pilot educator at Grand Island, Neb. Later around the same time, Major Sweeney was reassigned to Wendover Field, Utah and it was here that he started working in the "Silver Plate" venture, the code name of the pilot and team preparing program for the coming World War II nuclear missions.      On May 4, 1945 (at 25 years old and with the position of major) Charles Sweeney became administrator of the 393d Bombardment Squadron, a B-29 unit, which seven weeks after the fact (on June, 1945) traveled to a base on Tinian in the Mariana Islands. It was during August 1945 that Major Sweeney flew the history-production missions and dropped the bomb which concluded World War II.      In November 1945, Major Sweeney and the 393d Bombardment Squadron got back to Roswell Air Force Base, N.M. His crucial Roswell was to prepare aircrews for a third nuclear strategic - a peacetime investigate Bikini. Only a couple of months after the fact on June 28, 1946, he was released from deployment ready with the position of lieutenant colonel.      Colonel Sweeney, on Feb. 21, 1956, was named wing leader by Governor Christian A. Herter. Likewise in 1956, the unit was again re-assigned as the 102d Air Defense Wing, and on April 6, 1956, Colonel Sweeney got his advancement to the position of brigadier general. 1958 saw the wing get its current assignment as the 102d Tactical Fighter Wing.      General Sweeney

Monkey and Banana free essay sample

Monkey And Banana Google Search Results : 34,900,000 Monkey Want Banana Shopping Cart HeroMany have attempted. Many have fizzled. Do you have the stuff to be a legend? Accessible on the web, and now for your iPhone and iPod contact! | Yahoo Search Results : 37,900,000 Monkey and banana issue From Wikipedia, the free reference book Jump to: route, search The monkey and banana issue is a renowned toy issue in man-made reasoning, especially in rationale programming and arranging. Contentsâ [hide]â * 1 Formulation of the issue * 2 Purpose of the issue * 3 References * 4 See also| [edit] Formulation of the issue A monkey is in a room. Suspended from the roof is a lot of bananas, past the monkeys reach. Be that as it may, in the room there are likewise a seat and a stick. The roof is the perfect tallness so a monkey remaining on a seat could wreck the bananas with the stick. The monkey realizes how to move around, haul different things around, go after the bananas, and wave a stick noticeable all around. We will compose a custom exposition test on Monkey and Banana or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page What is the best arrangement of activities for the monkey to take to procure lunch? In different variations, the bananas are in a chest and the monkey must open the chest with a key. [edit] Purpose of the issue There are numerous utilizations of this issue. One is as a toy issue for software engineering. Another conceivable motivation behind the issue is to bring up the issue: Are monkeys shrewd? The two people and monkeys can utilize mental maps to recollect things like where to go to discover safe house, or how to stay away from risk. They can likewise recollect where to go to accumulate food and water, just as how to speak with one another. Monkeys have the capacity not exclusively to recall how to chase and accumulate however to learn new things, similar to the case with the monkey and the bananas: in spite of the way that the monkey may never have been in an indistinguishable circumstance, with the equivalent rtifacts close by, a monkey is equipped for reasoning that it needs to make a stepping stool, position it underneath the bananas, and move up to go after them. How much such capacities ought to be attributed to nature or learning involves banter. In December 2007, a pigeon was seen as having the ability to take care of the iss ue. [1] References 1. ^ A Pigeon Solves the Classic Box-and-Banana Problem. YouTube. 2007-12-24. The roof is the perfect stature so a monkey remaining on a seat could wreck the bananas with the stick. The monkey realizes how to move around, heft different things around, go after the bananas, and wave a stick noticeable all around. What is the best arrangement of activities for the monkey to take to secure lunch? In different variations, the bananas are in a chest and the monkey must open the chest with a key. [edit] Purpose of the issue There are numerous uses of this issue. One is as a toy issue for software engineering. Another conceivable motivation behind the issue is to bring up the issue: Are monkeys smart? The two people and monkeys can utilize mental maps to recollect things like where to go to discover safe house, or how to stay away from threat. They can likewise recall where to go to assemble food and water, just as how to speak with one another. Monkeys have the capacity not exclusively to recall how to chase and accumulate yet to learn new things, just like the case with the monkey and the bananas: regardless of the way that the monkey may never have been in an indistinguishable circumstance, with similar curios close by, a monkey is equipped for reasoning that it needs to make a stepping stool, position it beneath the bananas, and move up to go after them.

Black Holes Essay -- Essays Papers

Dark Holes Consistently we watch out upon the night sky, pondering and longing for what lies past our planet. The universe that we live in is so different and exceptional, and it premiums us to find out pretty much all the fluctuation that lies outside our ability to comprehend. Inside this wonder of marvels, our universe holds a riddle that is hard to comprehend on account of the intricacies that emerge when attempting to look at and investigate the standards of room. That puzzle happens to be that of the ever subtle, dark gap. This article will ideally give you the information and comprehension of the ideas, properties, and procedures engaged with the space wonder of the dark opening. It will depict how a dark gap is commonly shaped, how it capacities, and the impacts it has on the universe. By definition, a dark gap is where matter falls to vast thickness, and where, subsequently, the ebb and flow of room time is outrageous. Besides, the exceptional gravitational field of the dark opening forestalls any light or other electromagnetic radiation from getting away. Be that as it may, where lies the â€Å"point of no return† at which any issue or vitality is bound to vanish from the obvious universe? The dark hole’s surface is known as the occasion skyline. Behind this skyline, the internal draw of gravity is overpowering and no data about the dark hole’s inside can disappear to the external universe. Applying the Einstein Field Equations to falling stars, Kurt Schwarzschild found the basic range for a given mass at which matter would crumple into a boundlessly thick state known as a peculiarity. At the focal point of the dark opening falsehoods the peculiarity, where matter is squashed to interminable thickness, the draw of gravity is unendingly solid, and space-time has vast ebb and flow. Here it is not, at this point important to talk about reality, significantly less space-time. Cluttered up at the peculiarity, reality as we probably am aware them stop to exist. At the peculiarity, the laws of material science separate, including Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. This is known as Quantum Gravity. In this domain, reality are broken separated and circumstances and logical results can't be unwound. Indeed, even today, there is no palatable hypothesis for what occurs at and past the edge of the peculiarity. A turning dark gap has a fascinating component, called a Cauchy skyline... ...rams were caused indicating how stargazers to accept that if some way or another you were to make due through the focal point of the dark gap that there would be sufficient gravitational power to conceivable twist you to another end known to mankind or perhaps to another universe. The imaginative deas that can be estimated from this disclosure are interminable. Despite the fact that our universe is loaded up with numerous unexplained, radiant wonders, it is our obligation to keep investigating them and to keep learning, yet in the process we should not underestimate any of it. As you have perused, dark gaps are a significant theme inside our universe and they contain so much interest that they might hold boundless employments. Dark gaps are a vibe that stargazers are still baffled with. It appears that as we draw nearer to understanding their reality and capacities, we just end up with an ever increasing number of inquiries. In spite of the fact that these inquiries simply lead us into an ever increasing number of unanswered issues we look for and discover asylum into them, dreaming that perhaps one far away far off day, we will see all the originations and we will have the option to utilize the universe to further our potential benefit and go where just our fantasies could take us.

Communism in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Socialism in China - Essay Example The disappointment of patriot pioneer Chiang Kai-Shek to offer security from the danger presented by Japan prompted his kidnapping. He was constrained by the abductors to reexamine participation with the socialist armed force (Office of the Historian, n.d.). This established a framework for the ascent of socialism in the nation. The other factor that contributed was the ascent of a tyrannical system. The patriot government was blamed for undemocratic approaches and defilement (Office of the Historian, n.d.). The discontent of the populace and poor approaches made the nation progressively defenseless against socialism goals. Then again, China Communist Party (CCP) got overpowering help from workers because of land changes it started and repulsing of Japanese intruders (Office of the Historian, n.d.). In conclusion, remote mediation assumed a job in the ascent of socialism. The United States and Soviet Union impacted different issues in the nation. US was on the side of Nationalist government while Soviet Union bolstered CCP. Be that as it may, Soviet Union won as it involved Manchuria and possibly left when Chinese Communist powers were in a situation to guarantee triumph of the zone (Office of the Historian, n.d.). This prompted the foundation of socialism in the bigger piece of the

100 Staff Picks From My Public Library

100 Staff Picks From My Public Library We maintain a lot of displays at my library, but one of our most popular displays is our collection of Staff Picks, where we feature a rotating selection of our favorite books. Part of the displays popularity is that it features books with a Librarian Seal of Approval (TM), but we also have a very diverse group of readers working at the library and I believe that has a lot to do with the displays popularity as well. We read romance, horror, manga, science fiction, graphic novels, historical fiction, biographies, and more, and we read from a very diverse group of authors. So whether youre looking for a few librarian-recommended books to add to your TBR, or looking for a few more diverse reads, here are 100 of our staffs favorite books. 1. 11/22/63â€"Stephen King Jake Epping, a modern high school English teacher, is enlisted by an acquaintance who has discovered a way to travel back in time, and who asks that Jake travel back to the late 1950’s in order to prevent the assassination of John F. Kennedy. 2. All the Rageâ€"Courtney Summers After being assaulted by the sheriffs son, Kellan Turner, Romy Grey was branded a liar and bullied by former friends, finding refuge only in the diner where she works outside of town, but when a girl with ties to both Romy and Kellan goes missing and news of him assulting another girl gets out, Romy must decide whether to speak out again or risk having more girls hurt. 3. American Godsâ€"Neil Gaiman A master of inventive fiction pens the story of an ex-con who is offered a job as a bodyguard for Mr. Wednesday, a trickster and a rogue. Shadow soon learns that his role in the mans schemes are far more dangerous and dark than he could have ever imagined. 4.  American Housewifeâ€"Helen Ellis Meet the women of American Housewife: they wear lipstick, pearls, and sunscreen, even when its cloudy. They casserole. They pinwheel. And then they kill a party crasher, carefully stepping around the body to pull cookies out of the oven. These twelve irresistible stories take us from a haunted prewar Manhattan apartment building to the set of a rigged reality television show. Vicious, fresh, and nutty as a poisoned Goo Goo Cluster. 5. Ancillary Justiceâ€"Ann Leckie Now isolated in a single frail human body, Breq, an artificial intelligence that used to control of a massive starship and its crew of soldiers, tries to adjust to her new humanity while seeking vengeance and answers to her questions. 6.  Another Brooklynâ€"Jacqueline Woodson For August, running into a long-ago friend sets in motion resonant memories and transports her to a time and a place she thought she had mislaid: 1970s Brooklyn, where friendship was everything. August, Sylvia, Angela, and Gigi shared confidences as they ambled their neighborhood streets, a place where the girls believed that they were amazingly beautiful, brilliantly talented, with a future that belonged to them. But beneath the hopeful promise there was another Brooklyn, a dangerous place where grown men reached for innocent girls in dark hallways, where mothers disappeared, where fathers found religion, and where madness was a mere sunset away. Woodson heartbreakingly illuminates the formative period when a child meets adulthoodâ€"when precious innocence meets the all-too-real perils of growing up. 7.  Barbara the Slut and Other Peopleâ€"Lauren Holmes Fearless, candid, and incredibly funny, Lauren Holmes is a newcomer who writes like a master. She tackles eros and intimacy with a deceptively light touch, a keen awareness of how their nervous systems tangle and sometimes short-circuit, and a genius for revealing our most vulnerable, spirited selves. 8.  The Beesâ€"Laline Paull Flora 717 is a sanitation worker bee, but when her hives survival is threatened, she discovers courage and dangerous abilities inside of her that may save her hive, but may also make her a target. Its a dystopian novel with talking bees, and its absolutely magnificent. 9.  Between the World and Meâ€"Ta-Nehisi Coates Written as an open letter to his teenage son, Ta-Nehisi Coates explores the powerful history of racism in America, as well as moments in his own life when he became aware of new racist truths about American life. 10.  Bird Boxâ€"Josh Malerman According to news reports, there is something outside that is driving ordinary people to acts of extreme violence and suicide. The main theory is that these people are driven mad just by looking at whatevers out there, but the only people who know whats lurking outside are dead. Everyone else stays closed up in their houses, only braving the outdoors if they are securely blindfolded. And even then, something could be watching them. Something could be standing behind them. Malorie has raised two children on her own for the last four years in this apocalyptic new world, but today they must make a blindfolded journey towards freedom, where anything could be waiting for them. 11.  Black Butler  seriesâ€"Yana Toboso Just a stones throw from London lies the manor house of the illustrious Phantomhive earldom and its master, one Ciel Phantomhive. Earl Phantomhive is a giant in the world of commerce, Queen Victorias faithful servant…and a slip of a twelve-year-old boy. Fortunately, his loyal butler, Sebastian, is ever at his side, ready to carry out the young masters wishes. And whether Sebastian is called to save a dinner party gone awry or probe the dark secrets of Londons underbelly, there apparently is nothing Sebastian cannot do. In fact, one might even say Sebastian is too good to be true…or at least, too good to be human… 12.  The Boston Girlâ€"Anita Diamant Addie Baum is The Boston Girl, born in 1900 to immigrant parents who were unprepared for and suspicious of America and its effect on their three daughters. Growing up in the North End, then a teeming multicultural neighborhood, Addies intelligence and curiosity take her to a world her parents cant imagineâ€"a world of short skirts, movies, celebrity culture, and new opportunities for women. Addie wants to finish high school and dreams of going to college. She wants a career and to find true love. Eighty-five-year-old Addie tells the story of her life to her twenty-two-year-old granddaughter, who has asked her How did you get to be the woman you are today?' 13.  The Brief  Wondrous Life of Oscar  Waoâ€"Junot Diaz Oscar is a sweet but morbidly overweight lovesick Dominican ghetto nerd who dreams of finding love and becoming the Dominican version of J.R.R. Tolkien. But Oscars family has been haunted by a curse for generations that has doomed them to prison, torturous accidents, and worst of all, bad luck in love. 14.  Britt-Marie Was Hereâ€"Frederick Backman A heartwarming, humorous novel about a compulsively neat, socially awkward, busybody whos not quite as stiff and prickly as she initially seems. 15.  Burn Baby Burnâ€"Meg Medina Nora Lopez has just graduated from high school in the summer of 1977 in New York City, but shes got a lot on her plate at the moment. Her brother is becoming more violent and uncontrollable than ever before, her mom refuses to stop him, her father barely talks to her anymore now that he has a new family, there are riots in the streets, her familys rent is overdue again and worst of all, theres a serial killer on the loose known only as the Son of Sam, who likes to target young people after dark. 16.  Code Name Verityâ€"Elizabeth Wein In 1943, a British fighter plane crashes in Nazi-occupied France and the survivor tells a tale of friendship, war, espionage, and great courage as she relates what she must to survive while keeping secret all that she can. 17.  Columbineâ€"Dave Cullen On April 20, 1999, Columbine High School seniors Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold went to their school with guns and homemade bombs, setting in motion what would become one of the nation’s most famous and horrifying acts of violence. Ten years after the Columbine Massacre, investigative reporter Dave Cullen looks at the events leading up to and following the tragedy in an attempt to learn how something like this could happen, and to analyze the impact that these two students left on the country. 18.  Crazy 08: How a Cast of Cranks, Rogues, Boneheads, and Magnates Created  the Greatest Year in Baseball Historyâ€"Cait Murphy Journey back to 1908, the year the Cubs became the dynasty of the baseball world. But this isn’t just about a memorable season of baseball. It’s about the political and social climates that helped shape baseball for the modern era. Dramatic, surprising, weird, and wonderful. 19.  The Cuckoos Callingâ€"Robert Galbraith Cormoran Strike is a disabled veteran-turned-private-investigator in contemporary London, but hes struggling to make ends meet. When hes asked to investigate the real cause behind a legendary supermodels apparent suicide, he agrees, thinking that itll be a quick way to pocket some extra money. But his investigation uncovers more than he bargained for, and hes plunged into a world of supermodels, rock stars, designers, and an enticing and dangerous world of pleasure and wealth beyond anything hes ever experienced. 20.  The Dead Pathâ€"Stephen M. Irwin Nicholas Close has been plagued by visions of ghosts ever since a tragic motorcycle accident, and after the death of his new wife, he moves back home to Australia. But he sees plenty of ghosts in Australia as well, including the ghost of his childhood friend, Tristam, who died under extremely mysterious circumstances in the nearby woods. Nicholas soon realizes that he is unknowingly at the heart of a very dark plan involving an ancient evil and the forbidding woods. 21.  The Dinnerâ€"Herman Koch Four family members come together at a fancy restaurant, where their conversation feels like a satirical commentary on civilized society and privilege. But then we learn that two of the familys teenage boys have committed a heinous act and slowly the layers of civility and privilege are excruciatingly peeled away. We start to understand what happened, what the implications are for each of the family members, and how far they will go to protect themselves and their sons futures. 22.  The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love,  and the History of the World From the Periodic Table of the Elementsâ€"Sam Kean The Periodic Table is one of mans crowning scientific achievements. But its also a treasure trove of stories of passion, adventure, betrayal, and obsession. The infectious tales and astounding details in The Disappearing Spoon follow carbon, neon, silicon, and gold as they play out their parts in human history, finance, mythology, war, the arts, poison, and the lives of the (frequently) mad scientists who discovered them. 23.  The Divinersâ€"Libba Bray Seventeen-year-old Evie ONeill is exiled by her parents from rural Ohio to New York City after a social scandal, but shes thrilled to be in the heart of the bustling city, even if she is forced to live with her eccentric uncle who runs the Museum of American Folklore, Superstition, and the Occult. But soon after Evie arrives, a supernatural serial killer descends on the city and Evie and her uncle are at the heart of the mystery. 24.  The End of the Perfect 10: The Making and Breaking of Gymnastics Top Scoreâ€"from Nadia to Nowâ€"Dvora Meyers The Olympics may have happened last year, but this inside look at the history of gymnastics is still just as fascinating. It documents the changes in scoring, training, and skill sets that have occurred over the last 40 years, and how all of these elements influenced and were influenced by international and sports-related politics. 25.  Equal Ritesâ€"Terry Pratchett On Discworld, a dying wizard tries to pass on his powers to an eighth son of an eighth son, who is just at that moment being born. The fact that the son is actually a daughter is discovered just a little too late. The town witch insists on turning the baby into a perfectly normal witch, thus mending the magical damage of the wizards mistake. But now the young girl will be forced to penetrate the inner sanctum of the Unseen Universityâ€"and attempt to save the world with one well-placed kick in some enchanted shins! 26.  Etiquette and Espionageâ€"Gail Carriger Its an alternate version of 1851 London, and Sophronia is enrolled in a finishing school where she learns to become part spy, part assassin, and a full-time lady of quality. Of course, Sophronia has a hard time mastering that last part, because who has time to learn curtsies when youre learning to poison your dinner guests? 27.  Every Heart a Doorwayâ€"Seanan McGuire Children have always disappeared from Eleanor Wests Home for Wayward Children under the right conditions; slipping through the shadows under a bed or at the back of a wardrobe, tumbling down rabbit holes and into old wells, and emerging somewhere…else. But magical lands have little need for used-up miracle children. Nancy tumbled once, but now shes back. The things shes experienced…they change a person. The children under Miss Wests care understand all too well. And each of them is seeking a way back to their own fantasy world. But Nancys arrival marks a change at the Home. Theres a darkness just around each corner, and when tragedy strikes, its up to Nancy and her new-found schoolmates to get to the heart of the matter. No matter the cost. 28.  Everything I Never Told Youâ€"Celeste Ng In the first sentence, we are told that Lydia, the central character and the daughter to a Chinese father and white mother, is dead. The rest of the book looks at the family secrets, pressures, and outside events that ultimate led to Lydias death. Theres a lot of important discussion of family and race and gender here, but its also a page turning mystery that will pull you directly into the story. 29.  Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American Cityâ€"Matthew Desmond A Harvard sociologist examines the challenge of eviction as a formidable cause of poverty in America, revealing how millions of people are wrongly forced from their homes and reduced to cycles of extreme disadvantage that are reinforced by dysfunctional legal systems. 30.  Faithful  Placeâ€"Tana French As a teenager, Frank Mackey had made plans to run away from Faithful Place with his girlfriend Rosie and start a new life over in England. But the night they were supposed to disappear together, Rosie never showed up and Frank left for England on his own, believing that Rosie had had second thoughts. He left his dysfunctional family behind and hasnt returned home in over twenty years. Now Frank is an established member of the Dublin Police Force, but when one of his family members uncovers evidence that Rosie may have been murdered the night they had planned to leave, Frank is drawn back to Faithful Place, whether he likes it or not. 31.  Fullmetal Alchemist seriesâ€"Hiromu Arakawa Alchemy: the mystical power to alter the natural world; something between magic, art and science. When two brothers, Edward and Alphonse Elric, dabbled in this power to grant their dearest wish, one of them lost an arm and a leg…and the other became nothing but a soul locked into a body of living steel. Now Edward is an agent of the government, a slave of the military-alchemical complex, using his unique powers to obey orders…even to kill. Except his powers arent unique. The world has been ravaged by the abuse of alchemy. And in pursuit of the ultimate alchemical treasure, the Philosophers Stone, their enemies are even more ruthless than they are… 32.  Furiously Happy: A Funny Book About Horrible Thingsâ€"Jenny Lawson Have you ever wanted to know how to make a taxidermied raccoon ride a cat, or what its like to rent a sloth and a wallaby for your family? Jenny Lawson will tell you. And interspersed with these ridiculous stories are less-ridiculous stories of her battle with crippling depression and anxiety, and how her furiously happy stories have helped her move through her life. 33.  Girl in Translationâ€"Jean Kwok Caught between the pressure to succeed in America, her duty to their family, and her own personal desires, Kimberly Chang, an immigrant girl from Hong Kong, learns to constantly translate not just her language but herself back and forth between the worlds she straddles. 34.  Girls and Sex: Navigating the Complicated New Landscapeâ€"Peggy Orenstein Girls and Sex presents an analysis of the new sexual landscape faced by girls in todays high schools and colleges, revealing hidden truths, hard lessons, and important possibilities in girls modern-world sex lives. 35.  Girls on Fireâ€"Robin Wasserman When a popular high school athlete commits suicide amid rumors of local satanic worship in a 1990s Pennsylvania community, an unlikely friendship between a lonely misfit and a pop-culture rebel leads both to a feverish downward spiral of high risk and dangerous secrets. 36.  The Good Houseâ€"Tananarive Due The Good House has been in Angela Toussaints family for generations, but after her son tragically kills himself in the house, Angela vows never to return. Two years later, as she contemplates selling the house, her friend convinces her to visit the house one more time to make sure she really wants to sell. What Angela doesnt expect is an otherworldly nightmare with her ancestral gods as she learns the truth behind her sons death. 37.  The Good Nurse: A True  Story  of Medicine, Madness, and Murderâ€"Charles Graeber In 2003, Charlie Cullen, a registered nurse from Pennsylvania, was arrested for the murders of multiple hospital patients over the course of sixteen years and nine different hospitals. Some investigators even believed that he had murdered over 300 people, potentially making him the most prolific serial killer in American history. Using police records, videotapes, and court transcripts, Charles Graebers compiles an account of Cullens life and crimes and paints a chilling portrait of madness, compulsion, and the political machinations of the American medical system. 38.  The Hate U Giveâ€"Angie Thomas Inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement, Angie Thomas’s searing debut about an ordinary girl in extraordinary circumstances addresses issues of racism and police violence with intelligence, heart, and unflinching honesty. 39.  A Head Full of Ghostsâ€"Paul Tremblay The lives of the Barretts, a normal suburban New England family, are torn apart when fourteen-year-old Marjorie begins to display signs of acute schizophrenia. To her parents despair, the doctors are unable to stop Marjories descent into madness. As their stable home devolves into a house of horrors, they reluctantly turn to a local Catholic priest for help. Father Wanderly suggests an exorcism; he believes the vulnerable teenager is the victim of demonic possession. He also contacts a production company that is eager to document the Barretts plight. With John, Marjories father, out of work for more than a year and the medical bills looming, the family agrees to be filmed, and soon find themselves the unwitting stars of The Possession, a hit reality television show. When events in the Barrett household explode in tragedy, the show and the shocking incidents it captures become the stuff of urban legend. 40.  Hexâ€"Thomas Olde Heuvelt The people of Black Spring have been living under a curse for hundreds of years, a curse cast by Katherine, the Black Rock Witch. The witch, whose eyes and mouth are stitched shut, still wanders through the town and enters people’s houses at will, but the townspeople have been able to co-exist with her by following a few simple rules: keep track of her location through a specially designed smartphone app, accept the fact that no one will ever be able to leave town again, and never ever open her eyes. It’s an uneasy compromise, but it’s worked for the last several centuries, until a group of teenagers unintentionally sets in motion a horrifying chain of events that will send Black Spring back to an apocalyptic Dark Age. 41.  The Hikeâ€"Drew Magary Ben is a middle class businessman on his way to a meeting in rural Pennsylvania when he decides to take a hike in the woods behind his hotel. To say that this will become the weirdest, most frightening hike of Ben’s existence is a gross understatement. Along the way, Ben encounters murderous half human/half Doberman creatures, a six-foot-tall cricket, a sarcastic foul-mouthed crab, a 30-foot giantess who makes humans fight for sport, smoke creatures, a Spanish conquistador, and flesh zombies in the darkest Alice-in-Wonderland-esque epic odyssey ever written. 42.  The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxyâ€"Douglas Adams Just before Earth is demolished to make room for a galactic freeway, Arthur Dent is pulled off the planet by his friend Ford Prefect, a researcher for the revised edition of The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. Together, the two begin a journey through space, aided by fellow celestial travelers, including Zaphod Beeblebrox, the two-headed, three-armed president of the galaxy, and Veet Voojagig, a former graduate student obsessed with the disappearance of all the ballpoint pens he’s bought over the years. 43.  Homegoingâ€"Yaa Gyasi This knockout debut tells the alternating stories of two branches of the same family tree, going back three hundred years to 18th century Ghana. Effia is married off to an English colonial and watches as her children and grandchildren are sent overseas to England, returning to manage the British colonial efforts in Africa. Her half sister, Esi, is shipped over to America, where she and her offspring are sold into slavery. Told through alternating chapters and alternating generations, this magnificent, powerful novel manages to encompass 300 years of African and African American history in less than 400 pages. 44.  I Am Malala: The Story of the Girl Who Stood Up for Education and Was Shot by the Talibanâ€"Malala Yousafzai When the Taliban took control of the Swat Valley, one girl spoke out. Malala Yousafzai refused to be silenced and fought for her right to an education. On Tuesday October 9, 2012, she almost paid the ultimate price. 45.  I Am Pilgrimâ€"Terry Hayes Pilgrim is the code name for a world class and legendary secret agent. His adversary is known only as the Saracen. As a young boy, the Saracen saw his dissident father beheaded in a Saudi Arabian public square, creating a burning desire to destroy the special relationship between the US and the Kingdom. When a womans body is found in a seedy hotel near Ground Zero, the techniques are pulled from a cult classic of forensic science that Pilgrim wrote under a pen name. In offering the NYPD assistance with the case, Pilgrim gets pulled back into the intelligence underground. 46.  I Remember Youâ€"Yrsa Sigurdardottir In an isolated village in the Icelandic Westfjords, three friends set to work renovating a derelict house. But soon they realise they are not alone thereâ€"something wants them to leave, and its making its presence felt. Meanwhile, in a town across the fjord, a young doctor investigating the suicide of an elderly woman discovers that she was obsessed with his vanished son. When the two stories collide the terrifying truth is uncovered. 47.  Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me? (And Other Concerns)â€"Mindy Kaling In her first book, Mindy Kaling covers a wide range of topics that include her personal life, her career as a comedian, actress, and writer, and her dating disasters in a series of hilarious essays. 48.  The Keeper of Lost Causesâ€"Jussi Adler-Olsen Carl Mørck used to be one of Copenhagen’s best homicide detectives. Then a hail of bullets destroyed the lives of two fellow cops, and Carlâ€"who didn’t draw his weaponâ€"blames himself. So a promotion is the last thing he expects. But Department Q is a department of one, and Carl’s got only a stack of Copenhagen’s coldest cases for company. His colleagues snicker, but Carl may have the last laugh, because one file keeps nagging at him: a liberal politician vanished five years earlier and is presumed dead. But she isn’t dead…yet. 49.  Labyrinth Lostâ€"Zoraida Cordova Alex is a Brooklyn bruja and she has the most powerful magic out of anyone in her family. But Alex has never seen her magic as anything but a curse, so she tries to perform a spell to remove her magic and let her live a normal life. Needless to say, this does not go well. Alex’s family is taken by a terrifying creature known as The Devourer as soon as she tries to rid herself of her magic, and now Alex must journey through Los Lagos, a dark and uncertain land between reality and the spirit world, to rescue them. 50.  Look Whos Backâ€"Timur Vermes Hes back. Berlin, Summer 2011. Adolf Hitler wakes up on a patch of ground, alive and well. Things have changedâ€"no Eva Braun, no Nazi party, no war. Hitler barely recognizes his beloved Fatherland, filled with immigrants and run by a woman. People certainly recognize him, albeit as a flawless impersonator who refuses to break character. The unthinkable, the inevitable happens, and the ranting Hitler goes viral, becomes a Youtube star, gets his own T.V. show, and people begin to listen. But the Führer has another programme with even greater ambitionâ€"to set the country he finds a shambles back to rights. A satirical look at the cult of personality in modern media culture. 51.  Lumberjanes, Vol 1:  Beware the Kitten Holyâ€"Noelle Stevenson A delightful all ages comic thats part Girl Scouts, part girl power, part hipster yetis, and wonderfully inclusive. 52.  The Magpie Lordâ€"K.J. Charles Exiled to China for twenty years, Lucien Vaudrey never planned to return to England. But with the mysterious deaths of his father and brother, it seems the new Lord Crane has inherited an earldom. Hes also inherited his familys enemies. He needs magical assistance, fast. Magician Stephen Day has good reason to hate Cranes family. Unfortunately, its his job to deal with supernatural threats. Besides, the earl is unlike any aristocrat hes ever met, with the tattoos, the attitude…and the way Crane seems determined to get him into bed. Thats definitely unusual. Soon Stephen is falling hard for the worst possible man, at the worst possible time. But Cranes dangerous appeal isnt the only thing rendering Stephen powerless. Evil pervades the house, a web of plots is closing round Crane, and if Stephen cant find a way through itâ€"theyre both going to die. 53.  March, Book 1â€"John Lewis The first part of a biographical graphic novel trilogy of Congressman and civil rights leader John Lewis. 54.  The Martianâ€"Andy Weir Mark Watney is an American astronaut whose crew mistakenly left him on Mars, believing him to be dead. Now he must face the very real problem of trying to survive on Mars for the next manned crew to arrive…four years in the future. 55.  Missoula: Rape and the Justice System in a College Townâ€"Jon Krakauer Jon Krakauer records the experiences of several female college students at the University of Montana and their experiences with rape, the emotional aftermath, the treatment (or mistreatment) of their cases by the school the justice department, and the community backlash against them when they spoke out about their ordeals. 56.  Modern Romanceâ€"Aziz Ansari Eric Klinenberg Aziz Ansari, one of the biggest names in stand-up comedy today, teams up with a New York University sociologist to explore the concept of dating, romance, and relationships in the modern world. Aziz talks about these topics a lot in his stand-up, but here he takes a fascinating and more academic look at things like how technology shapes our relationships, and how dating and courtship has changed over the years. 57.  Mother, Motherâ€"Koren Zailckas Mother, Mother centers around Josephine Hurst, mother to three children and wife to a brilliant tech guru. On the outside, they look perfect. But on the inside, they are falling apart as Josephine manipulates each member of the family to suit her needs and present a flawless face to the outside world. This is a chilling psychological portrait of a poisonous, narcissistic mother and the lengths she will go to in order to get what she wants. 58.  A Mothers Reckoning: Living in the Aftermath of Tragedy â€"Sue Klebold The mother of one of the two shooters at Columbine High School draws on personal recollections, journal entries, and video recordings to piece together what led to her sons unpredicted breakdown and share insights into how other families might recognize warning signs. 59.  The Mothersâ€"Brit Bennett As a seventeen-year-old, Nadia Turner takes up with Luke Sheppard, the local pastor’s son. What begins as a casual relationship turns into something far more serious when Nadia realizes that she’s pregnant. When Nadia decides to keep the pregnancy a secret, her choices will reverberate throughout her adult life, as well as through the lives of Luke and her best friend, Audrey. This lyrical debut novel is a mesmerizing look at community, secrets, and the repercussions of our actions. 60.  Mothers, Tell Your Daughtersâ€"Bonnie Jo Campbell A collection of short stories featuring a cast of strong, flawed women and the complex relationships in their lives. 61.  Mr. Penumbras 24-Hour Bookstoreâ€"Robin Sloan After a layoff during the Great Recession sidelines his tech career, Clay Jannon takes a job at the titular bookstore in San Francisco, and soon realizes that the establishment is a facade for a strange secret. 62. Ms. Marvel, Vol. 1: No Normalâ€"G. Willow Wilson Adrian Alphona Kamala Khan is an ordinary girl from Jersey Cityâ€"until shes suddenly empowered with extraordinary gifts. But who truly is the new Ms. Marvel? Teenager? Muslim? Inhuman? Find out as she takes the Marvel Universe by storm! When Kamala discovers the dangers of her newfound powers, she unlocks a secret behind them, as well. Is Kamala ready to wield these immense new gifts? Or will the weight of the legacy before her be too much to bear? Kamala has no idea, either. But shes comin for you, Jersey! â€"Forbidden Planet 63.  My Age of Anxiety: Fear, Hope, Dread, and the Search for Peace of Mindâ€"Scott Stossel The author recounts his lifelong battle with anxiety, showing the many manifestations of the disorder as well as the countless treatments that have been developed to counteract it, and provides a history of the efforts to understand this common form of mental illness. 64.  My Sister Rosaâ€"Justine Larbalestier When his fathers business takes the family to New York City, a seventeen-year-old Australian boy must balance his desire to protect his ten-year-old sister, a diagnosable psychopath, from the world with the desperate need to protect the world from her. 65.  The Night Circusâ€"Erin Morganstern The Night Circus is a magical circus that appears after dark in places all over the world. At the heart of this circus is a contest between two young magicians, Celia and Marco, who have been trained to compete against each other since childhood. The two start to fall in love, not realizing that this competition is a duel to the death. 66.  Night Filmâ€"Marisha Pessl Scott McGrath, a publicly ridiculed journalist, sets out to revive his reputation by investigating an enigmatic horror film director with a large cult following named Stanislas Cordova. It was his previous investigation of this director that tarnished his image, but now Scott thinks he has a story that will reveal dark secrets about the director, his films, and his family. The novel combines horror with a hard-boiled mystery and expertly blurs the lines between fiction and reality. 67.  Old Mans Warâ€"John Scalzi In this version of the future, citizens are allowed to enlist in the interstellar army on their seventy-fifth birthday, tempted by the promise of restored health and restored youth. John Perry enlists, and gets caught in a whirlwind of training, new acquaintances, military combat, alien interactions, and interplanetary battles. 68.  One Hundred Years of Solitudeâ€"Gabriel Garcia Marquez The story of the rise and fall, birth and death of a mythical town of Macondo through the history of the Buendia family. 69.  Otherboundâ€"Corinne Duyvis A seventeen-year-old boy finds that every time he closes his eyes, hes drawn into the body of a mute servant girl from another worldâ€"a world thats growing increasingly more dangerous, and where many things are not as they seem. 70.  Out of Darknessâ€"Ashley Hope Perez Loosely based on a school explosion that took place in New London, Texas in 1937, this is the story of two teenagers: Naomi, who is Mexican, and Wash, who is black, and their dealings with race, segregation, love, and the forces that destroy people. 71.  Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us about Sex, Diet, and How We Liveâ€"Marleen Zuk We evolved to eat berries rather than bagels, to live in mud huts rather than condos, to sprint barefoot rather than play footballâ€"or did we? Are our bodies and brains truly at odds with modern life? Although it may seem as though we have barely had time to shed our hunter-gatherer legacy, biologist Marlene Zuk reveals that the story is not so simple. Popular theories about how our ancestors livedâ€"and why we should emulate themâ€"are often based on speculation, not scientific evidence. Armed with a razor-sharp wit and brilliant, eye-opening research, Zuk takes us to the cutting edge of biology to show that evolution can work much faster than was previously realized, meaning that we are not biologically the same as our caveman ancestors 72.  Ready Player Oneâ€"Ernest Cline At once wildly original and stuffed with irresistible nostalgia, Ready Player One  is a spectacularly genre-busting, ambitious, and charming debutâ€"part quest novel, part love story, and part virtual space opera set in a universe where spell-slinging mages battle giant Japanese robots, entire planets are inspired by Blade Runner, and flying DeLoreans achieve light speed. 73.  The Round Houseâ€"Louise Erdrich A violent attack on a Native American reservation in North Dakota leaves a woman speechless and traumatized, while her thirteen-year-old son, Joe, is thrust into a frightening adult world that he is not prepared for. As Joes father struggles with the reservations judicial system, Joe becomes increasingly frustrated and sets out with a group of friends to seek answers on his own. 74.  Saga, Vol. 1â€"Brian K. Vaughan When two soldiers from opposite sides of a never-ending galactic war fall in love, they risk everything to bring a fragile new life into a dangerous old universe. Fantasy and science fiction are wed like never before in this sexy, subversive drama for adults. 75.  Saint Mazieâ€"Jami  Attenberg Meet Mazie Phillips: big-hearted and bawdy, shes the truth-telling proprietress of The Venice, the famed New York City movie theater. Its the Jazz Age and Mazie never turns down a night on the town. But her high spirits mask a childhood rooted in poverty, and her diary, always close at hand, holds her dearest secrets. When the Great Depression hits, Mazies life is on the brink of transformation. Addicts and bums roam the Bowery; homelessness is rampant. When she opens the doors of The Venice to those in need, this ticket-taking, fun-time girl becomes the beating heart of the Lower East Side, and in defining one neighborhood helps define the city. 76.  Scream: Chilling Adventures in the Science of Fearâ€"Margee Kerr If youre a fan of horror fiction or thrill-seeking, you may have found yourself wondering why certain people enjoy scaring themselves. What is it about our natures that compels us to address our fears face-to-face, or seek out death-defying activities? Margee Kerr, a sociologist who helps run one of the most popular haunted houses in Pittsburgh, decided to find answers to these questions. Using herself as a test subject, Margee traveled around the world to experience the worlds most extreme roller coasters, haunted locations, and dangerous activities to find out why people are actively seeking out these experiences. In the course of her research, she dangled off the edge of a skyscraper in Toronto, sat alone in the Aokigahara Forest of Japan where hundreds of people commit suicide every year, and visited haunted house attractions around the world to understand what is fear, why we need it, and how fear can be harnessed in a positive way. 77.  Sex on the Moon: The Amazing Story Behind the Most Audacious Heist in Historyâ€"Ben Mezrich In 2002, NASA fellow Thad Roberts hatched the most daring heist ever conceived: steal NASAs precious moon rocks. With the help of his girlfriend and another female cohort, both NASA interns, Roberts successfully stole the rocks. However, selling the invaluable stones proved to be Roberts downfall. 78.  Shadowshaperâ€"Daniel José Older Sierra Santiago thinks she’s in for a typical Brooklyn summer, but when she starts seeing graffiti murals start to weep in Bed-Stuy, she realizes something strange is going on. A supernatural order known as the Shadowshapers has operated in New York City for generations, and Sierra is linked to them through her grandfather. But someone has turned the order’s magic against them and Sierra must harness her own powers and dodge an army of supernatural creatures in order to save her family. 79.  Sharp Objectsâ€"Gillian Flynn Chicago journalist Camille Preaker is sent on assignment to her Missouri hometown to cover the horrific murders of two preteen girls, but in the process, she must come to terms with the secrets buried within her dysfunctional family. 80.  The Shining Girlsâ€"Lauren Beukes In Depression-era Chicago, Harper Curtis stumbles upon the House, which opens doors into Chicagos past and future, and urges Harper to kill a number of women known as the shining girls. Harper doesnt understand why, but he follows the houses orders, viciously slaying women and jumping back and forth through time, making him the most impossible serial killer to find. Until Kirby, that is. Kirby was never supposed to survive Harpers attack in the 1980s, but she fought back, and in the early 1990s, shes teamed up with a Chicago sports journalist to find out who tried to murder her, and why. 81.  Shrill: Notes From a Loud Womanâ€"Lindy West West has rocked readers in work published everywhere from The Guardian to GQ to This American Life. She is a catalyst for a national conversation in a world where not all stories are created equal and not every body is treated with equal respect. Shrill is comprised of a series of essays that bravely shares her life, including her transition from quiet to feminist-out-loud, coming of age in a popular culture that is hostile to women (especially fat, funny women) and how keeping quiet is not an option for any of us. 82.  Slade Houseâ€"David Mitchell Every nine years, Slade House appears in a little London alleyway, and every nine years, someone disappears into the house, never to be seen again. The story is told from the perspective of a different person who has been summoned to the house, and slowly the separate plot lines weave together to create a creepy and psychological haunted house story, like an off-kilter version of The Haunting of Hill House. 83.  Sorcerer to the Crownâ€"Zen Cho Former slave Zacharias Wythe has just been appointed the new Sorcerer Royale of England, against much political and social backlash. One of the most urgent problems on Zacharias agenda is the issue of Englands dwindling supply of magic, which has been linked to strained relations between England and the Faerie realm. As Zacharias sets out to negotiate with the Faeries, he encounters Prunella Gentlewoman, an immensely powerful witch at odds with Englands law that forbids women from using their magic. 84.  The Soul of an Octopus: A Surprising Exploration into the Wonder of Consciousnessâ€"Sy Montgomery What begins as an in-depth journalistic examination of a fascinating and mysterious animal becomes a meditation on intelligence, consciousness, and awareness as Sy Montgomery learns how the octopus practices problem solving and expresses personality traits that have been heretofore unexamined. 85.  Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadaversâ€"Mary Roach Using her investigative reporter skills, Mary Roach looks at the fascinating and slightly disgusting history of human cadaversâ€"how theyve been used throughout history, how theyre used today, and what sorts of medical advances have been made possible through cadaver research. Each chapter is split into different topics, including Life After Death: On Human Decay and What Can Be Done About It, Holy Cadaver: The Crucifixion Experiments, and Eat Me: Medicinal Cannibalism and the Case of the Human Dumplings,” and you’ll feel like you’re learning something new on every page. The writing is laugh out loud hilarious, but be warned: this is not a book you’ll want to read while you’re eating! 86.  Summer in Europeâ€"Marilyn Brant On her thirtieth birthday, Gwendolyn Reese receives an unexpected present from her widowed Aunt Bea: a grand tour of Europe in the company of Beas Sudoku and Mahjongg Club. The prospect isnt entirely appealing. But when the gift she is expectingâ€"an engagement ring from her boyfriendâ€"doesnt materialize, Gwen decides to go. 87.  The Sun is Also a Starâ€"Nicola Yoon Natasha has lived in New York City for 10 years, but now her family is being deported back to Jamaica after her father was arrested for drunk driving. Daniel is on his way to an interview at Yale at the insistence of his parents, who emigrated from South Korea and are adamant that he become a doctor. But the universe may have other plans for the two of them, as they meet for the first time and fall in love instantly. 88.  The Sweetness at  the  Bottom of the Pieâ€"Alan Bradley Eleven-year-old Flavia de Luce finds herself at the heart of a mystery when a man is murdered on the grounds of her familys estate and her father becomes the main suspect. But the criminal is surely no match for the young, quick-witted chemist with a penchant for poisons. 89.  The Terrible and Wonderful Reasons Why I Run Long Distancesâ€"Matthew Inman From the New York Times best-selling author Matthew Inman, aka The Oatmeal, comes this collection of comics and stories about running, eating, napping, and one cartoonists reasons for running across mountains until his toenails fall off. 90.  This is Where It Endsâ€"Marieke Nijkamp At 10:00, the principal of Opportunity High School finishes her speech welcoming the students to a new semester. At 10:02, the students start to file out of the auditorium. 10:03, the doors wont open. 10:05, a boy enters the auditorium and starts shooting. The entire story takes place over the course of 54 minutes, and is told from the perspective of 4 different students who are in different places around the school when the shooting begins. 91.  A Thousand Splendid Sunsâ€"Khaled Hosseini Born a generation apart and with very different ideas about love and family, Mariam and Laila are two women brought jarringly together by war, by loss and by fate. As they endure the ever escalating dangers around themâ€"in their home as well as in the streets of Kabulâ€"they come to form a bond that makes them both sisters and mother-daughter to each other, and that will ultimately alter the course not just of their own lives but of the next generation. With heart-wrenching power and suspense, Hosseini shows how a womans love for her family can move her to shocking and heroic acts of self-sacrifice, and that in the end it is love, or even the memory of love, that is often the key to survival. 92.  Tiny Pretty Thingsâ€"Sona Charaipotra Dhonielle Clayton Its Black Swan meets Pretty Little Liars in this addicting, suspenseful teen drama about a prestigious ballet school in New York City and the students trying to make their mark on the ballet world at any cost. 93.  The Troopâ€"Nick Cutter Five boys and their scout leader go camping in the remote woods of Prince Edward Island. What they dont know is that their idyllic weekend retreat will become a grotesque nightmare when a sick man infected with a genetically mutated tapeworm stumbles onto their camp. Its Cabin Fever meets Lord of the Flies, and its one hell of a terrifying book. 94.  Under the Udala Treesâ€"Chinelo Okparanta A young Nigerian girl, displaced during their civil war, begins a powerful love affair with another refugee girl from a different ethnic community until the pair are discovered and must learn the cost of living a lie amidst taboos and prejudices. 95.  The Underground Girls of Kabulâ€"Jenny Nordberg An award-winning foreign correspondent who contributed to a Pulitzer Prize-winning New York Times series reveals the secret Afghan custom of disguising girls as boys to improve their prospects, discussing its political and social significance as well as the experiences of its practitioners. 96.  The Vegetarianâ€"Han Kang Before the nightmares began, Yeong-hye and her husband lived an ordinary, controlled life. But the dreamsâ€"invasive images of blood and brutalityâ€"torture her, driving Yeong-hye to purge her mind and renounce eating meat altogether. Its a small act of independence, but it interrupts her marriage and sets into motion an increasingly grotesque chain of events at home. As her husband, her brother-in-law, and her sister each fight to reassert their control, Yeong-hye obsessively defends the choice thats become sacred to her. Soon their attempts turn desperate, subjecting first her mind, then her body, to ever more intrusive and perverse violations, sending Yeong-hye spiraling into a dangerous, bizarre estrangement, not only from those closest to her but also from herself. 97.  Weird Things Customers Say in Bookshopsâ€"Jen Campbell Think working in a book store is boring? Think again. Jen Campbell has collected some of the most ridiculous questions book sellers have had to answer, like Do you sell bedsheets? and Do your Elvis books come with a life-sized cutout? Read this book, and then thank your local book seller for their tireless patience. 98.  You Cant Touch My Hair (And Other Things I Still Have to Explain)â€"Phoebe Robinson A hilarious and affecting essay collection about race, gender, and pop culture from celebrated stand-up comedian and WNYC podcaster Phoebe Robinson. 99.  You Couldnt Ignore Me If You Tried: The Brat Pack, John Hughes, and Their Impact on a Generationâ€"Susannah Gora Susannah Gora chronicles the history of the 80s teen movie, beginning with Sixteen Candles and ending with Say Anything. But this isnt just a collection of facts from the Brat Pack daysâ€"its an examination of how these movies impacted pop culture and why they still resonate with viewers today. 100.  Zen Pencils: Cartoon Quotes from Inspirational Folksâ€"Gavin Aung Than Zen Pencils is an exciting and unique new comic form that takes inspirational and famous quotations and adapts them into graphic stories. From icons like Confucius, Marie Curie, and Henry David Thoreau, to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Calvin Coolidge, to contemporary notables like Ira Glass, Neil deGrasse Tyson, and Neil Gaimanâ€"their words are turned into sometimes heartwarming, sometimes sobering stories by cartoonist Gavin Aung Than. Find even more of our 100 must-read lists here. (Because your TBR already hates you.)   Save

University of Maiduguri with Disciplinary - Free Essay Example

Garba v.University of Maiduguri with Disciplinary issues in Tertiary Institutions Introduction A watershed moment in the landscape of the nations judicial decisions took place in the last century in the case of Garba v.University of Maiduguri[1] Where the Supreme Court laid down a marker in respect of disciplinary issues in our tertiary institutions, and the limits and otherwise of the powers of institutions to punish erring students. The decision has been the subject of criticism, and it has been subjected to several scrutinies through several cases which has besieged the courts over the years. This article will attempt to reconcile disciplinary issues in the tertiary institution and the ropes that bind the various bodies that can prescribe the required punishment. Salient points were raised by the Supreme Court in this case on rules of natural justice and the fact that an offence which amounts to a crime punishable by a court was not within the remit of a university disciplinary board to pass punishment, until a court has first done so. The question is would the decision of the Supreme Court be different had the rules of natural justice being observed, and if the proper channel of judicial punishment had be carried out in the first instance. Indeed some commentators[2] had stated that the Supreme Court decision raises concern as to the proper limit of all University disciplinary functions, the rights of an aggrieved student and the proper nature of judicial intervention in the domestic sphere. Is there a limit to the scope of disciplinary issues a tertiary institution can handle vis-ÃÆ'  -vis the enormity of the offence? This article will attempt to proffer answers to these questions. The Facts and principles laid down in Gar ba v.University of Maiduguri The extant law or enabling statute of most Universities have similar provisions that for the discipline of student. Section 18 of the University of Maiduguri Act[3] 1979 is here reproduced. It provides: (1) Subject to the provisions of this section, where it appears to the Vice-Chancellor that any student of the University has been guilty of misconduct, the Vice-Chancellor may, without prejudice to any other disciplinary powers conferred on him by statute or regulations, direct- (a) that the student shall not, during such period as may be specified in the direction, participate in such activities of the University, or make use of such facilities of the University, as may be so specified; or (b) that the activities of the student shall, during such period as may be specified in the direction, be restricted in such manner as may be so specified; or (c) that the student be rusticated for such period as may be specified in the directi on; or (d) that the student be expelled from the University. (2) Where a direction is given under subsection (1) (c) or (d) of this section in respect of any student, the student may, within the prescribed period and in the prescribed manner, appeal from the direction to the Council; and where such an appeal is brought, the Council shall, after causing such inquiry to be made in the matter as the Council considers just, either confirm or set aside the direction or modify it in such manner as the Council thinks fit. (3) The fact that an appeal from a direction is brought in pursuance of the last fore- going subsection shall not affect the question of the direction while the appeal is pending. (4) The Vice-Chancellor may delegate his powers under this section to a disciplinary board consisting of such members of the University otherwise than on the ground of misconduct. The facts of the case were that following a violent student demonstration, the appellants, amon g other student were expelled by the respondent University for their alleged involvement. The students left on their trail criminal acts such as assault, theft, robbery, house trespass and arson which are serious offences under the penal code. The Deputy Vice Chancellor who was the chairman of the disciplinary investigative board instituted by the Vice Chancellor set up to investigate the matter was a victim of the student rampage. As a result of this irregularity and the issues of lack of jurisdiction on the part of the university and the panel, the appellants sought to quash their expulsion. They were successful in the High Court, but this was reversed on appeal by the respondent university to the Court of Appeal which held that there had been no denial of fair hearing and that the High Court had no jurisdiction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to state who should not be expelled from or admitted to the Universityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  and the High Court ought to have referred the matter back to the U niversity for necessary action, following the rules of natural justice. On further appeal to the Supreme Court, the main issue was whether the University had jurisdiction to inquire into and impose disciplinary measure for misconduct, which amounted to a crime under the penal code Act. This was answered in the negative. According to Obaseki JSC as he then was, who read the lead judgement, Students in all Universities and institutions of Higher learning are not above the law of the land and where obvious cases of breaches of our criminal and penal laws occur, the authorities of the University are not empowered to treat the matter as an internal affair.[4] The learned jurist relied on section 33(1) and (4) of the 1979 constitution now sections 36(1) and (4) of the 1999 constitution. Which states thus: In the determination of his civil rights and obligations including and question or determination by or against any government or authority or a person shall be entitled to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court or other tribunal established by law and constituted in such a manner as to secure its independence and impartiality. Whenever a person is charged with a criminal offence he shall, unless the charge is withdrawn, be entitled to a fair hearing within a reasonable time by a court or tribunal. In the opinion of it Lordship, since these provisions above were not followed. He concluded that the fundamental right of the appellants has been violated by their being punished for criminal offence without a preceding trial and a conviction by a court.[5] Disciplinary Issues and present state of affairs The opinion of the Supreme Court is that offences against the laws of the land fall outside the jurisdiction of the visitor and Vice Chancellor. Juxtaposing this position with several disciplinary issues within the tertiary institution, is that majority of the disciplinary issues which could includes cultism[6], examination malpractice[7], personation[8], and so on are crimes against the law of the land and punishable by a court. It therefore means that tertiary institutions would embark on unending court cases before they could punish an erring student should the internal m echanism of punishment outlined in their enabling statute not adhered to. On this Ukhuegbe[9] states that the: The exclusion of criminal matters from the disciplinary jurisdiction is very injurious to the administrative process. Ultimately, it will render the system completely ineffective since many varieties of misconduct fall within the spectrum of the criminal law The decision of the Supreme Court have given room for student to proceed to the courts at the sight of any issues with their parent school which in some instances has resulted in needless judicial exercise. In University of Ilorin v. Oluwadare[10] the respondent was involved in examination malpractice, and he was subsequently expelled in pursuance to the enabling laws that established the University to set up a Student Disciplinary Committee (SDC) to try such offences. The respondent had the option of appealing to the University Governing Council. However he did not await the outcome of the internal appeal, but instead proceeded to the Federal High Court for the enforcement of his fundamental rights. The respondent contended that the SDC lacked the power to deal with examination misconduct which is criminal in nature and that the respondent was not afforded adequate opportunity to defend himself. On the other hand, the Appellants contended at the trial that an act of examination misconduct is a misconduct that can be dealt with by the Appellants under the University of Ilorin Act, Cap. 455 Laws of the Federation 1990 and that the Respondent was given a fair hearing while the steps taken by the Respondent in rushing to Court, after he had appealed to the Governing Council, was indeed premature and constituted an abuse of judicial process and also runs counter to the relevant provisions of Unilorin Act, Cap. 455, which allows appeal from the decision of the SDC. The court of first instance and the Court of Appeal upheld the argument of the respondent student. On further appeal t o the Supreme Court, Umaru Kalgo JSC who delivered the lead judgement by dismissing the appeal on the grounds that the case was wrongly commenced at the trial court which therefore robbed it of jurisdiction to entertain the case. He stated thus: In this appeal the claims are partly for wrongful dismissal or termination of appointment and partly for breach of fundamental right. . .the principal claim being wrongful termination of appointment, which ought to have been commenced by a writ of summons, which was not then all the claims, principal and subsidiary which flow directly from it, are incompetent and therefore ought to be struck out. The Respondent was thereby jumping the gun, as his case being a challenge to his expulsion as a student from the 1st Appellantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s institution, is not one of those claims/reliefs envisaged by the Fundamental Rights Enforcement Procedure Rules. The right to studentship not being among the rights guaranteed by the 1999 Constitution, the only appropriate method by which the Respondent could have challenged his expulsion was for him to have commenced the action with a Writ of Summons. When an application is brought under the Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules 1979, a condition precedent to the exercise of the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jurisdiction is that the enforcement of fundamental rights or the security of the enforcement thereof should be the main claim and not an accessory claim. This case was a needless judicial exercise which ought not to have gotten to the courts in the first instance if the internal resolution mechanism of the school has been observed by the erring student. The Shortcomings of the Doctrine Apart from the known fact that frivolous cases have besieged the court as a result of the doctrine, like the case above, it has been submitted that the doctrine is difficult to reconcile with the administrative process of the University and it has in fact created more problems that it sets to solve.[11] The first problem it creates is that the University authority can only discipline student after a courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s pronouncement where the issue touches and concerns crime. This will in turn create an unnecessary legalism into the administrative process of the University.[12] According to Professor Hart To turn every hearing of every disciplinary charge into a formal public trial would be, at best, time wasting and at worst, might d amage young menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s careers, and might sharpened and harden what has been a generally mild and even friendly attitude to those faced with disciplinary charges[13] Another inherent issues with the doctrine is that there was no distinction of cases in respect of the nature and severity of a crime neither did it answer the question as to what happens if the charge was struck out for nolle prosequi especially where there is an unwillingness on the part of the State to prosecute.[14] Another issue that was not clarified was that what happens to a student when a case is in court. Can such a student retain its studentship? To avoid a situation where the status of such student is elevated to realms that will result to internal disturbance, he cannot remain a student of that institution pending the determination of such case. It is advisable that he is suspended not as a punishment for his offence, but as a holding operation.[15] Possible Exceptions to the Doctrine Section 6 of the Studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Union Activities (Control and Regulation) Act[16] provides that The provisions of any enactment, law or instrument relating to any matter to which this Act applies or relating to the admission or disciplinary control of a student in any educational institution affected by this Act, shall have effect subject to this Act. According to Okonkwo[17] any determination of the courts to make an incursion in light of the Garbaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case will be dampened by section 6 above. The Supreme Court also went further rather persuasively in the dictum of Oputa JSC as he then was in Garbaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case that in extreme cases, there will an exception to this rule, where a student were to slap the Vice Chancellor, the effect of Section 36 of the 1999 constitution may give way. This position was supported in the cases of R. v. Senate of University of Ashton ex. Roffey[18] and Gylnn v. Keele University[19] where because of the ir peculiar circumstances, fair hearing or the principles of natural justice were dispensed with. Conclusions The Garbaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case creates a divide in disciplinary issues in the tertiary institutions. Where would the line be drawn in respect of all disciplinary cases especially when it is clear that most if not all the misconduct are offences within the Criminal Code and Penal Code Act? And the courts in such instances must first pass judgement. The proper way to move away from the logjam created by this situation is for the Supreme Court to revisit the case according to Coker JSC[20] Also, according to Uwais JSC[21]Universities should be permitted to deal domestically with minor criminal matters. Ultimately, the last remit lies with the National Assembly through the National Universities Commission to see to it that a law is enacted that will confer full powers on the Vice Chancellor or Rector as the case may be to deal with all categories of disciplinary issu es which might occur within an institution. [1] (1986) 1 NWLR (pt. 18) 500 [2] A. Akinrele, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Domestic Forum of a University- An Inviolable Sanctuary?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1986) 1 LPR 28 [3] [4] At p. 576 [5] Supra Note 5 [6] Section 63 of the Criminal Code Act provides for seven years in imprisonment for any person who manages or assist in the management of an unlawful society. [7] Section 1 of the Examination Malpractices Act provides for punishment ranging from fines and three years imprisonment for offenders [8] Section 3 of the same Act punishes impersonation by fines and prison terms between three to four years. [9] S. O. Ukhuegbe, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Public Law and the Disciplinary Powers of Universities in Nigeriaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1993)4 UBSLJ 16 [10] (2006) https://www.nigeria-law.org/University%20of%20Ilorin%20v%20Idowu%20Oluwadare.htm accessed 14th January, 2014 [11] F. I. Oshodin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Garba v. University of Maiduguri revisitedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1998) LAWSA J. UNIB EN Vol. 7, 14 [12] Supra Note 11 [13] J.W. Bridge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Keeping Peace in Universitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (1970) 86 LQR at p. 500 quoted in Supra Note 11 pg. 14 [14] C O. Okonkwo à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Discipline, Nigerian Universities and the Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Nigeria Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, (1996) 21 [15] Dictum of Lord Denning, MR in Lewis v. Haffer (1978) 1 WLR 1073 [16] LFN, 1990 [17] Supra Note 14, pg 35 [18] (1969) 2 AER 964 [19] (1971) 2 AER 89 [20] Supra Note 1 at p.611 [21] Supra Note 1 at p.608-609

Grounded Theory and Ethnography Approach - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1468 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Ethnographic Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Qualitative research is a method to gather non-numerical data. It is usually used to discover trends in views, opinions and try to further investigate into the problems. There is no one qualitative method, but five different approaches including research and methods from multiple fields, especially academic field. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Grounded Theory and Ethnography Approach" essay for you Create order The objective of this paper is to discuss two types of research, grounded theory and ethnography. The paper will provide insight into benefits and challenges of using both types of research. It will also provide information on what type of problem is being researched, research questions based on the type of research and what can be understood by conducting the research. Grounded Theory and Ethnography Approach Grounded theory is a type of qualitative research that is intended towards the purpose of building theory through data analysis. Its believed to be a good design to use when not much of the theory is available to researchers. There are several phases for grounded theory, such as, data collecting, note taking, coding, memoing, sorting and writing. The two common types of grounded theory are systematic approach and constructivist approach. In systematic approach, a system is developed by explaining process, action and communication on a study topic. As opposed to systematic approach, constructivist approach focuses on multiple realities and the complexity it comes with a specific worlds view and activities with flexible guidelines. In contrast, ethnography research is based on study of people and culture and is not based on theories. The study is planned to study different cultures by observing their society and behaviors by taking in views and opinions from the study subjects itself. There are several types of ethnographies. For example, ethnographic novels, confessional ethnography, life history, autoethnography, feminist ethnography and visual ethnography (Creswell Poth, 2018). Out of these, realistic and critical ethnography are more popular amongst the researchers. Realistic ethnography is written and reported by third persons point of view after gathering information from the participants, where as critical ethnography studies are focused on groups, to speak out against inequality and injustice, for example. Challenges There are numerous challenges related to grounded theory. One of them being the research is confusing as the researches need to understand how to apply the theory to studies with open mind. If not well educated on the application process, this can create a controversy on if the correct method was applied leading to accurate data collected. Also, researchers should not bring in their own opinion, experiences and prior knowledge which can impact and affect their observations during data collection and analysis. In addition, the researchers should understand that this is a systematic approach with specific data analysis steps, therefore, should not complicate the study by adding in extra unnecessary steps. The researcher should be wary that the important outcome of the study is theory based supported by detailed information. (Creswell Poth, 2018). Another challenge related to grounded theory could be that researchers face difficulty when determining if categories are saturated enough or not, therefore not able to produce a practical theory. This method if not understood in details, also gives new researchers a lot of nervousness, as they fail to comprehend the method and process and misunderstand languages used in the study. For instance, theoretical sampling and saturation are widely misinterpreted. Moreover, the study can often produce large amount of data difficult to manage or the data collection process can be complex as not having enough participants due to restrictions by social community groups. Researchers can also be under pressure to complete studies within a specific amount of time, therefore not allowing the researchers sufficient time needed for a comprehensive theory (Timonen et all, 2018) Similar to grounded theory, ethnography also comes with its share of challenges. To be successful in ethnography research, the researcher must understand cultural anthropology, social cultural system and concepts (Creswell Poth, 2018). Furthermore, because ethnography is a study where there are participant observations and interview conducting, it can be complicated and difficult to write journal articles. The orientation of researcher can be a challenge too, as researchers learn from observing people, which means the researcher must be focused and very observant, leading to successful results. This method is also very time consuming, spending many hours and days collecting data. With the evolution of ethnography, the challenges increase as the fieldwork evolves, thus making it very unclear how studies were conducted, what data comes from what part of the study and what important elements are captured or not (Rashid et all, 2015). Since in ethnography study narratives are written as storytelling, the researchers can experience audience limitations which also can lead to incomplete study by comprising the results. The challenges can also be faced by having access to participants personal details about feelings and behaviors which requires participants to trust the researcher, but which may not be disclosed during the data collecting process. According to an article by university of Bath, UK, the most common seven problems with this type of studies are variability, comparability, complexity, resources, metrics, subjectivity and context. These problems can hinder communication, make researchers reuse data and negatively impact the study application (Cash et all, 2009). Problem Statement The problem is that many female students often face difficulties completing doctoral degree and because they are still the primary caregivers for the family, it is not clear if thats what affects the doctoral persistence. Is it their main role as caregivers in the household, is it the culture and background they come from or its it their behavior towards school due to the school and family pressure? Although female students now make up more than half of higher education students, the distribution of women across in school is still low compared to male students (Mastekaasa Smeby, 2005). In this study, the problem to be addressed pertaining to doctoral persistence of business students is how does womens culture and background affect doctoral persistence? The under-representation of women as doctoral students has been an issue, however not much research has been done, therefore it is not clear what factors contribute to female students doctoral persistence compared to men. It is important to identify and understand factors that lead toward womens failure rate in higher degrees (Duncan Zeng, 2005) The problem can be addressed by focusing on female students social and cultural background and behavior and surrounding environment, trying to identify the reasons for womens persistence. These questions can be answered by interviewing the female candidates and analyzing their opinions, thoughts and feelings based on their gender, social and cultural behavior and hindrance towards the program completion. Research Questions Specific questions related to female students persistence are: Grounded theory question: 1) What are the issues that women face due to social and cultural norms and how can that be resolved? Ethnography Question: 2) How do female students from different cultural and social background describe doctoral persistence compared to men? Purpose Statement The purpose of this ethnography study is to understand how social and cultural behaviors and life experience affect the female students doctoral persistence or failure rate. Even though the number of female students has increased across the world and academic fields, female students are usually under pressure to multitask, thus decreasing their chances of being successful in degree completion. Number of studies have studied gender differences in dropout and many has reported higher dropout rates for female students (Mastekaasa Smeby, 2005). Unfortunately, education persistence does exit, and mostly seen in different cultures. A students ability to adopt and adjust to college with various backgrounds and lack of experience in academic field can be always be challenging as many colleges are made up of groups and communities that like to adhere to itself. Hence, the lack of isolation and the inability to assimilate can be very intimidating. These social communities and groups are often based on their shared characteristics, such as race, age, or gender and not being able to be compatible with other student these can be a critical contributor towards the doctoral persistence (Bailey-Iddrisu, 2010) The study will offer insight into what and how different factors, cultures, behaviors and experience in women students influence doctoral persistence, such as what are their cultural experiences that impacts the academic performance and persistence. Its important to interview the women candidates from different cultures to study and analyze their views and concerns depending on the social culture they come from as different cultures and subgroups have different complications and challenges of being a woman. Conclusion Grounded theory is a type of qualitative research that is intended towards the purpose of building theory through data analysis, whereas ethnography research is based on study of people and culture and is not based on theories. While both studies have their advantages, they come with challenges as well. However, if followed the process and methods correctly, both types of research can lead to an informative and educational study.

Essay on Apple Cases Study - 1085 Words

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The Degradation Of Religion And Family From Slavery

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